The antepartum transmission, in the absence of a prophylaxis, of a mother’s antiretroviral treatment, appears in the uterus in 25% – 35% of cases.

HIV can infect the placenta at any time of pregnancy. HIV was isolated in the conception product even on 14-20 weeks of gestation. HIV can infect the trophoblast and the cell line of placental macrophages. Neither the presence of infection nor the amount of virus in the placenta is correlated with congenital infection.

The intrapartum transmission can be avoided if the birth is achieved by caesarean. If the birth is performed naturally, the risk of transmission is up to 70%.

In the study conducted in Sudan on the incidence of HIV infection of 6420 pregnant women tested 26 were HIV positive. In the case of infected pregnant women, none of the newborns were infected until 96 weeks.

 (Adam GK, Ahmed MA, Ali AA. Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection during pregnancy at Gadarif Hospital, Eastern Sudan. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2016 May 16:1-5).

Postpartum transmission is done by breastfeeding and the risk of transmission increases with the period during which the child was breastfed, a 14% risk to infection in evolution and a 29% risk to the mother’s primary infection. Prolonged breastfeeding over 1 year doubles the risk of transmission

According to a study conducted in Ethiopia that evaluated infants of 384 HIV positive women who benefited from the PMTCT programme (Prevention of mother-to-child transmission), 6% of newborns were HIV positive, with the mention that some of them were breast-feeding .

 (Negash TG, Ehlers VJ. An assessment of the outcomess of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Curationis. 2016; 39 (1): 1-9).

In Romania, according to the Institute of Infectious Diseases Prof Dr. Matthew Bals, in the year 2014 were detected 56 HIV/AIDS infected children from which 18 children were infected vertically. The total number of pregnant women tested in 2014 was 132 817 of which 183 cases were positive.

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