Source

The man is the only source.

Method of transmission

HBV is highly contagious. HBV can survive outside the body for 7 days while remaining infectious. HBV is very resistant to storage, to boiling, to disinfectants.

The infection is transmitted percutaneously or at the level of the mucous membranes by exposing them to infectious fluids of the body

• Blood and blood products,
• Infected fluids (saliva, sweating)
• Cerebrospinal fluid,
• Peritoneal fluid,
• Pleural fluid,
• Pericardial fluid,
• Synovial fluid,
• Aminotic fluid,
• Seminal secretions,
• Vaginal discharge.

Thus the main ways of transmitting HBV infection are:

• The contact with blood or products derived from contaminated blood,
• The contact with infected bodily fluids,
• Sexual relations with an infected partner,
• Injection of drugs (joint use with an infected person of syringes or needles),
• The birth of an infected mother (vertical transmission),
• Piercing or tattoos or acupuncture performed with unsterilized needles,
• Joint use of toothbrushes, razors, epilation apparatus,
• Indirect inoculation via objects: HBV is stable on environmental surfaces for at least 7 days, thus indirect inoculation may occur through the objects,
• Direct contact = is a means of transmission that involves close contact, cohabitation in the family with a person infected with HBV.

Vertical transmission (perinatal)

Vertical transmission is the route of transmission from the mother to the fetus.

It can take place in three moments:

• Prior to birth (antepartum, antenna or transplacental),
• During childbirth, intra-partum,
• After birth, post partum or postnatal (especially by breastfeeding).

Vertical transmission is defined as the presence of viral HBsAg or DNA in the first 6-12 months of life, to a newborn from a mother infected with HBV. Important risk factors in the transmission of infection to the fetus are serum levels increased by viral DNA, over 10⁸ copies/ml and positive HBe Ag to the mother.

In pregnant HBV infection:

• Transplacental transmission is responsible for one-fifth of the neonatal infection cases.
• Transmission during childbirth occurs especially if infected mothers have HBsAg and HBeAg positive (70%) compared to those with positive HBsAg and negative HBeAg (10%).
• Postnatal transmission can be achieved by breastfeeding, through milk or exposure to bleeding lesions around the nipple.

If the immunoprophylaxis (vaccination) is not carried out, the transmission of the infection by a pregnant woman with positive HBsAg in the newborn occurs in 10-20% of cases.

The transmission rate increases significantly, up to 90%:

• In the case of pregnant women with positive HBsAg and positive HBeAg;
• If pregnant develops acute hepatitis in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy.

Risk groups

Persons who:

• Have sexual relations with an infected partner,
• Have multiple sexual partners,
• Have a sexually transmitted infection,
• Inject drugs,
• Live together a person infected with hepatitis B virus,
• They’re medical staff,
• Are on dialysis,
• Have chronic conditions that require frequent injections,
• Children from infected mothers.

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